A Text-Critical Analysis of Qurʾānic Claims and Later Islamic Theology Abstract A common claim in modern Islamic apologetics holds that the Qurʾānic references to the Tawrāt (Torah) and Injīl  (Gospel) do not refer to the Jewish and Christian Scriptures known today, but instead to pristine revelations that were later corrupted or lost. This article argues that such a claim is not grounded in the Qurʾān itself. Through close analysis of Qurʾānic discourse, early tafsīr, and f

Within Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and theological ethics (akhlaq), truth-telling is generally upheld as a moral imperative. However, classical jurists across the Sunni schools acknowledged specific and limited circumstances in which untruthfulness may be tolerated or even required to prevent greater harm. These allowances do not form a broad license to lie but are framed as exceptions under necessity, following the larger legal principle: al-ḍarūrāt tubīḥ al-maḥẓūrāt (“nece

Qur’an 9:30, part of Surah At-Tawbah, contains pointed accusations against Jewish and Christian theological beliefs: “The Jews say, ‘Ezra...